Employment Practices Decisions Archive: 1937 - 1995, EMPLOYMENT-PRACTICES 13 EPD ¶11,468, Frances P. Pons, Appellant v. Lorillard, division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee., (Feb. 02, 1977), U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, (Feb. 2, 1977)

Frances P. Pons, Appellant v. Lorillard, division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit. Dkt. No. 76-1369, February 2, 1977

On Appeal from United States District Court, Middle District of North Carolina, Greensboro Division.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

Court Action--Procedures for Age Bias Claims--Jury Trial of Age Bias Claims.

--Claims under the Act seeking a monetary award for back wages were triable by jury, and denial of a claimant’s jury demand must be vacated and the claim remanded for trial by jury. A three-pronged test is applicable to determine whether a claim is proper for jury trial: (1) is the issue legal rather than equitable by the custom of the courts; (2) is the remedy legal; and (3) is the issue triable to a jury given the jurors’ practical abilities and limitations? Claims of job discrimination coupled with demands for lost wages are analogous to actions for breach of contract by wrongful discharge which are triable by jury. The claim was not to be characterized as incidental or integral to the equitable issue of reinstatement. A monetary award for back wages is a traditional legal remedy and computation of such an award is not beyond the practical capabilities of a jury. 29 U.S.C. Sec. 626(b) .

Back reference.-- ¶2402.20 .

Vacating and remanding (DC N.C. 1976) 12 EPD ¶10,971 , 69 F.R.D. 576.

Norman B. Smith (Smith, Patterson, Follin, Curtis & James, on brief), for Appellant.

Thornton H. Brooks (M. Daniel McGinn, Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, on brief), for Appellee.

Before BRYAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and BUTZNER and RUSSELL, Circuit Judges.

BRYAN, Sr. C.J.: Alleging violation of her rights under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 USC §§621-634 (1970), appellant Frances P. Pons sued her employer, Lorillard, a Division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., [1] for injunctive reinstatement, lost wages, liquidated and punitive [2] damages, costs and attorney’s fees. [3] Lorillard’s motion to strike Pons’ demand for a jury trial on the issue of lost wages was sustained by the District Court and an interlocutory appeal of the order was allowed. 28 USC 1292(b); FRAP 5.

Our task is to determine whether the Seventh Amendment provision for trial by jury “[i]n suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars” applies to a claim under the Age Act for lost wages. [4] Analysis of the problem begins with the language of the Congress. In relevant part, sections 7(b) and 7(c) of the Act, 29 USC 626(b) , (c) state:

(b) ... In any action brought to enforce this [Act] the court shall have jurisdiction to grant such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of this [Act], including without limitation judgments compelling employment, reinstatement or promotion, or enforcing the liability for amounts deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation under this section.

(c) Any person aggrieved may bring a civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction for such legal or equitable relief as will effectuate the purposes of this chapter:...” (Emphasis added).

Our holding is that the inclusion of the phrase “legal ... relief” empowers a Federal court to grant complainants the Constitutional right to a jury.

I. At the outset, we are urged to hold that Age Act complaints should follow the pattern of denial thus far adopted in enforcing the provisions against employment discrimination contained in Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, 42 USC 2000e-5 . We decline.

Design for decision on this issue is to be found in Curtis v. Loether, 415 US 189 (1974), declaring the availability of a jury in a civil action under Title VIII, section 812(c) of the Civil Rights Acts of 1968, 42 USC 3601, 3612, relating to fair housing. This section, as relevant, defines the powers of the court:

(c) The court may grant as relief, as it deems appropriate, any permanent or temporary injunction, temporary restraining order, or other order, and may award to the plaintiff actual damages and not more than $1,000 punitive damages, together with court costs and reasonable attorney fees in the case of a prevailing plaintiff:...

In Curtis the Court contrasts Title VII--fair employment--and Title VIII--fair housing--enforcement clauses, concluding that the decisions [5] rejecting a jury trial in Title VII are not construing remedial provisions like those in VIII. 415 US at 196. To repeat, the Court quite cautiously disavows any interpretation of VII, saying only that its language is not the same as that of VIII. Its distinguishment of the phrasing warrants a lengthy quotation:

In Title VII cases the courts of appeals have characterized backpay as an integral part of an equitable remedy, a form of restitution. But the statutory language on which this characterization is based--

“[T]he court may enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay ..., or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate,”...--

contrasts sharply with §812’s simple authorization of an action for actual and punitive damages. In Title VII cases, also, the courts have relied on the fact that the decision whether to award backpay is committed to the discretion of the trial judge. There is no comparable discretion here: if a plaintiff proves unlawful discrimination and actual damages, he is entitled to judgment for that amount. (Citation omitted.)

Id. at 196.

Equivalent differentiation is apparent between the Title VII remedies and those of the Age Act. Comparing the two as they have just now been set forth, it is seen at once that the Age Act includes the terminology of a law action, traditionally calling for a jury verdict, rather than only a suit in equity to be decided and decreed by a chancellor. Thus it comprises the power to grant legal relief, that is relief at law--obviously a suit “at common law” embodied in the Seventh Amendment.

II. The Age Act by its very terms excludes the non-jury concept and commands the impanelment of a jury, if requested, in claims for lost wages. Forthright to prove this view is the incorporation of related provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act into the enforcement section of the Age Act, 29 USC 626(b) , as follows:

The provisions of this [Act] shall be enforced in accordance with the powers, remedies, and procedures provided in sections ... 216 (except for subsection (a) thereof), and 217 of this title, and subsection (c) [supra] of this section. ... Amounts owing to a person as a result of a violation of this chapter shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation for purposes of sections 216 and 217 of this title:...

The Fair Labor Standards Act provision, 29 USC 216 (except subsection (a)), supra, stipulates:

(b) Any employer who violates the provisions of section 206 [minimum wages] or section 207 [maximum hours] of this title shall be liable to the employee or employees affected in the amount of their unpaid mimimum wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation, as the case may be, and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages.

Thus the Age Act clearly equates lost wages as “unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation” under the FLSA. It is settled that section 216(b) claims are legal in nature and uniformly accorded a jury trial. McClanahan v. Mathers, 440 F2d 320 (6 Cir. 1971); Chilton v. National Cash Register Co., 370 FS at 664 and cases cited.

The ultimate analysis to determine whether a suit is one “at common law” within the Amendment seems to be the three-pronged classical test: (1) Is the issue legal rather than equitable under the custom of the courts of law; (2) Is the remedy legal; and (3) Is the issue triable to a jury given the jurors’ practical abilities and limitations? Ross v. Bernhard, 396 US 531, 538 fn. 10 (1970); see 5 Moore’s Federal Practice §38.16[4] pp. 162.6-8. Where issues of law and equity are intertwined in one suit, those meeting the three-pronged test merit a trial by jury. [6] Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 US 469, 470-73 (1962).

It has been helpfully observed that claims of employment discrimination, coupled with prayers for lost wages, are analogous to the common law action for breach of contract by wrongful discharge or an action in tort, with the Age Act creating the legal duty. Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., 69 FRD at 350-51. To interpret this cause of action as one “incidental” or “integral” to the equitable issue of reinstatement would be to violate the rule of Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 US at 470, as just mentioned.

As to the second and third phases of the Ross test, we believe that a monetary award for back wages is a traditional legal remedy and that the computation or such an award would not be beyond the practical capabilities of a jury. Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., 69 FRD at 351. Consequently, all of the prerequisites to a trial by jury under the Age Act are satisfied.

Hence we hold the jury demand should not have been denied. That order is now vacated and the claim for back pay is remanded for trial by a jury. [7]

Vacated and remanded.

[Concurring Opinion]

BUTZNER, C. J., concurring specially: I agree with the majority opinion that 29 U.S.C. 626(b) entitles a litigant to a jury in an action for the recovery of lost wages resulting from a violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Although the Sixth Circuit has reached a contrary conclusion, [8] I concur in my brothers’ ruling that the statute incorporates the provisions for a jury trial required by §16(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. §216(b) .

Since the statute settles the controversy, I find no occasion for embarking on the constitutional quest which my brothers pursue. See Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 346-48 (1936) (Brandeis, J., concurring) (especially rule 4).

¹	Plaintiff at the age of 48 years was discharged on January 31, 1975; she alleges it was pursuant to a policy of employing younger persons. Lorillard is a foreign corporation doing business in North Carolina.
²	On October 18, 1976 Pons moved this court to allow amendment of her complaint to include a prayer for punitive damages.
³	This appeal involves only the right to a jury trial on the claim of lost wages. The District Judge’s opinion notes that the plaintiff “conceded that the liquidated damages issue would not be triable to a jury”. Nor are costs, attorney’s fees nor, as explained infra, punitive damages before the court. Of course no injunctive relief is now considered.
⁴	The question has been discussed and resolved in favor of trial by a jury: Chilton v. National Cash Register Co., [7 EPD ¶9266 ] 370 FS 660 (SDOhio 1974); Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., [11 EPD ¶10,895 ] 69 FRD 348 (WDMo. 1975); and Murphy v. American Motors Sales Corp., [12 EPD ¶10,973 ] 410 FS 1403 (NDGa. 1976). A list of cases implicitly settling the point is to be found in Murphy v. American Motors Sales Corp., supra, at 1402.
⁵	See Curtis v. Loether, 415 US at 196-97 n. 13, citing Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., [2 EPD ¶10,119 ] 417 F2d 1122, 1125 (5 Cir. 1969); Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., [3 EPD ¶8267 ] 444 F2d 791, 802 (4 Cir.), cert. dismissed under Rule 60, 404 US 1006 (1971); cf. McFerren v. County Board of Education, [4 EPD ¶7652 ] 455 F2d 199, 202-04 (6 Cir. 1972); Harkless v. Sweeny Independent School District, [2 EPD ¶10,235 ] 427 F2d 319, 324 (5 Cir. 1970), cert. denied, [3 EPD 8080] 400 US 991 (1971); Smith v. Hampton Training School, [1 EPD ¶9737 ] 360 F2d 577, 581 n. 8 (4 Cir. 1966) (en banc); see generally Developments in the Law--Employment Discrimination and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 84 Harv. L. Rev. 1109, 1265-66 (1971). To this list of the Court may be added Cox v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., [5 EPD ¶8093 ] 471 F2d 13 (4 Cir. 1972).
⁶	At once, we recognize that the Seventh Amendment extends its guarantee not only to common law forms of action recognized at its date of enactment--1791--but also to actions under modern statutes that create legal rights and remedies. Curtis v. Loether, 415 US at 194; see FRCiv.P 38(a).
⁷	In this court plaintiff for the first time moved to amend her complaint to include a claim for punitive damages. This motion must be remanded for presentation to the trial court. FRCiv.P 15(a). Likewise items of costs and attorney’s fees are matters for decision by that court.
⁸	Morelock v. The NCR Corp.,--F.2d--, 45 U.S.L.W. 2316 (6th Cir. Dec. 20, 1976).

Employment Practices Decisions Archive: 1937 - 1995, EMPLOYMENT-PRACTICES 13 EPD ¶11,468, Frances P. Pons, Appellant v. Lorillard, division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee., (Feb. 02, 1977), U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, (Feb. 2, 1977)

Frances P. Pons, Appellant v. Lorillard, division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit. Dkt. No. 76-1369, February 2, 1977

On Appeal from United States District Court, Middle District of North Carolina, Greensboro Division.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

Court Action--Procedures for Age Bias Claims--Jury Trial of Age Bias Claims.

Back reference.-- ¶2402.20 .

Vacating and remanding (DC N.C. 1976) 12 EPD ¶10,971 , 69 F.R.D. 576.

Norman B. Smith (Smith, Patterson, Follin, Curtis & James, on brief), for Appellant.

Thornton H. Brooks (M. Daniel McGinn, Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, on brief), for Appellee.

Before BRYAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and BUTZNER and RUSSELL, Circuit Judges.

Our holding is that the inclusion of the phrase “legal ... relief” empowers a Federal court to grant complainants the Constitutional right to a jury.

Id. at 196.

The Fair Labor Standards Act provision, 29 USC 216 (except subsection (a)), supra, stipulates:

Hence we hold the jury demand should not have been denied. That order is now vacated and the claim for back pay is remanded for trial by a jury. [7]

Vacated and remanded.

[Concurring Opinion]

¹	Plaintiff at the age of 48 years was discharged on January 31, 1975; she alleges it was pursuant to a policy of employing younger persons. Lorillard is a foreign corporation doing business in North Carolina.
²	On October 18, 1976 Pons moved this court to allow amendment of her complaint to include a prayer for punitive damages.
³	This appeal involves only the right to a jury trial on the claim of lost wages. The District Judge’s opinion notes that the plaintiff “conceded that the liquidated damages issue would not be triable to a jury”. Nor are costs, attorney’s fees nor, as explained infra, punitive damages before the court. Of course no injunctive relief is now considered.
⁴	The question has been discussed and resolved in favor of trial by a jury: Chilton v. National Cash Register Co., [7 EPD ¶9266 ] 370 FS 660 (SDOhio 1974); Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., [11 EPD ¶10,895 ] 69 FRD 348 (WDMo. 1975); and Murphy v. American Motors Sales Corp., [12 EPD ¶10,973 ] 410 FS 1403 (NDGa. 1976). A list of cases implicitly settling the point is to be found in Murphy v. American Motors Sales Corp., supra, at 1402.
⁵	See Curtis v. Loether, 415 US at 196-97 n. 13, citing Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., [2 EPD ¶10,119 ] 417 F2d 1122, 1125 (5 Cir. 1969); Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., [3 EPD ¶8267 ] 444 F2d 791, 802 (4 Cir.), cert. dismissed under Rule 60, 404 US 1006 (1971); cf. McFerren v. County Board of Education, [4 EPD ¶7652 ] 455 F2d 199, 202-04 (6 Cir. 1972); Harkless v. Sweeny Independent School District, [2 EPD ¶10,235 ] 427 F2d 319, 324 (5 Cir. 1970), cert. denied, [3 EPD 8080] 400 US 991 (1971); Smith v. Hampton Training School, [1 EPD ¶9737 ] 360 F2d 577, 581 n. 8 (4 Cir. 1966) (en banc); see generally Developments in the Law--Employment Discrimination and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 84 Harv. L. Rev. 1109, 1265-66 (1971). To this list of the Court may be added Cox v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., [5 EPD ¶8093 ] 471 F2d 13 (4 Cir. 1972).
⁶	At once, we recognize that the Seventh Amendment extends its guarantee not only to common law forms of action recognized at its date of enactment--1791--but also to actions under modern statutes that create legal rights and remedies. Curtis v. Loether, 415 US at 194; see FRCiv.P 38(a).
⁷	In this court plaintiff for the first time moved to amend her complaint to include a claim for punitive damages. This motion must be remanded for presentation to the trial court. FRCiv.P 15(a). Likewise items of costs and attorney’s fees are matters for decision by that court.
⁸	Morelock v. The NCR Corp.,--F.2d--, 45 U.S.L.W. 2316 (6th Cir. Dec. 20, 1976).

Employment Practices Decisions Archive: 1937 - 1995, EMPLOYMENT-PRACTICES 13 EPD ¶11,468, Frances P. Pons, Appellant v. Lorillard, division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee., (Feb. 02, 1977), U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, (Feb. 2, 1977)

[Concurring Opinion]

Footnotes

Employment Practices Decisions Archive: 1937 - 1995, EMPLOYMENT-PRACTICES 13 EPD ¶11,468, Frances P. Pons, Appellant v. Lorillard, division of Loew’s Theatres, Inc., Appellee., (Feb. 02, 1977), U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, (Feb. 2, 1977)

[Concurring Opinion]

Footnotes